Wednesday, August 13, 2014

Database Concepts and Systems - Pune University

Pune University MCA Question Papers / Previous year question papers of Pune University / MCA Database Concepts and Systems Question Papers - Pune University

 




Total No of Questions: [12]                                                        SEAT NO. :
[Total No. of Pages : 02]
[4366]- 302
SYMCA (Engg. Faculty)
DATABASE : CONCEPTS AND SYSTEMS
(Semester - III) (2008 Pattern) (610902)
MAY 2013 EXAMINATIONS
[Time: 3 Hours]                                                                             [Max. Marks :70]
Instructions to the candidates:
1) Answers to the two sections should be written in separate books.
2) Neat diagrams must be drawn wherever necessary.
3) Assume Suitable data if necessary.

SECTION I
Q1) a) Describe Relational Data model, Hierarchical Data model and Network Data model. [6]
b) Write advantages and disadvantages of DBMS approach. [5]
OR
Q2) a) Describe Query Processor and Storage Manager Components of DBMS. [6]
b) What is DDL and DML? Give one example of each. [5]

Q3) a) Construct an ER diagram for a car insurance company whose customers own one or more cars each. Each has associated with it zero to any number of recorded accidents. [4]
b) Explain with an example how ER diagram is converted into table. [8]
OR
Q4) a) Give the significance of following design constraints. [8]
i) User – Defined
ii) Condition – Defined
iii) Disjoint
iv) Overlapping
b) Define Weak Entity set, strong entity set. , attribute, stored and derived attributes, and composite attributes? [4]

Q5) a) What is a view? Explain insert, update and delete operations with respect to views. [6]
b) What is integrity and referential constraints. Explain. [6]
OR
Q6) a) Write a note on index types? What are the advantages and disadvantages of indexes. [7]
b) Explain different types of joins in SQL with suitable example. [5]

SECTION II
Q7) a) Consider the employees database for the following schema. [8]
Employee(employee_name,street,city)
Works(employee_name,company_name,salary)
Company(company_name,city)
Manages( employee_name,manager_name)
Give an expression in SQL for each of the following queries.
a) Find the names and cities of residence of all employees who work for First Bank Corporation.
b) Find the names, street addresses, and cities of residence of all employees who work for First Bank corporation and earn more than $10000.
c) Find all employees in the database who do not work for First Bank Corporation.
d) Find the Company that has the most employees.
b) Explain Embedded and Dynamic SQL. [4]
OR
Q8) a) Explain any four aggregate functions in SQL with suitable examples. [4]
b) Write a short note on Triggers and stored procedure. [8]

Q9) a) What is meant by functional dependencies. Explain 2NF, 3NF with example. [7]
b) Explain Database design methodology. [5]
OR
Q10) a) Give the relation schemas R=(A,B,C,D,E) and functional dependencies as A->C, C->D, CE->A, B->C, DE->C. Relations R are decomposed into lossy or lossless? Justify. [7]
b) Write short note on multi valued dependency. [5]

Q11) a) Define Serializability. Explain the types of serializability with example. [6]
b) Explain Deadlock Handling with example. [5]
OR
Q12) a) Explain Recoverability with example. [6]
b) Explain shadow paging method as a crash recovery method. [5]

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Tuesday, August 12, 2014

Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Replication in Distributed Database

Data Replication in Distributed Database / Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Replication in Distributed Database



Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Replication in Distributed Database


Data Replication

Data replication is the process where in a relation (a table) or portion of a relation (a fragment of a table) is duplicated and those duplicated copies are stored in multiple sites (servers) to increase the availability of data.

“Replication is the process of copying (duplicating) and maintaining database objects in multiple databases that make up a distributed database system” – taken from Oracle Documentation.

Advantages:


1. Increased reliability and availability 

We have many copies of same data in several different locations (usually different geographical locations). Hence, failure of any sites (servers) will not affect the transactions.

2. Queries requesting replicated copies of data are always faster (especially read queries) 

Distributed database ensures the availability of data where it is needed much. In case of replication, this is one step ahead. Yes, the complete table itself loaded locally. Hence, those queries can be answered quickly from the local site where they are initiated.

3. Less communication overhead 

When more number of read queries is generated in a site, all of them can be answered locally. Only the queries involving different table or the queries try to write something need to use the communication links to contact other sites.

Disadvantages:


1. More storage space is needed when compared to a centralized system – Replication would mean to duplicate any tables and store them in every site. This need more space in every site.
2. Update operation is costly – If we have more copies of same data loaded in different sites, obviously we need to update all the replicas whenever we would like to change data. Hence, write operation is always costly.
3. Maintaining data integrity is complex – It involves complex procedures to maintain consistent database.


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Monday, August 11, 2014

Advantages and Disadvantages of Distributed Databases


Advantages and Disadvantages of Distributed Databases over Centralized Databases / Relative Advantages of Distributed Databases / Disadvantages of Distributed Databases / Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of Distributed Databases / Advantages of Distributed Databases compared to Centralized Databases / Advantages and Disadvantages of Distributed Database Management System / Advantages and Disadvantages of Distributed Database System over Centralized Database System


Advantages of Distributed Database System




1. Increased reliability and availability – A distributed database system is robust to failure to some extent. Hence, it is reliable when compared to a Centralized database system.
2. Local control – The data is distributed in such a way that every portion of it is local to some sites (servers). The site in which the portion of data is stored is the owner of the data.
3. Modular growth (resilient) – Growth is easier. We do not need to interrupt any of the functioning sites to introduce (add) a new site. Hence, the expansion of the whole system is easier. Removal of site is also does not cause much problems.
4. Lower communication costs (More Economical) – Data are distributed in such a way that they are available near to the location where they are needed more. This reduces the communication cost much more compared to a centralized system.
5. Faster response – Most of the data are local and in close proximity to where they are needed. Hence, the requests can be answered quickly compared to a centralized system.
6. Reflects the organizational structure – Normally, database is fragmented into various locations wherever we have controls.
7. Secured management of distributed data – Various transparencies like network transparency, fragmentation transparency, and replication transparency are implemented to hide the actual implementation details of the whole distributed system. In such way, Distributed database provides security for data.
8. Robust – The system is continued to work in case of failures. For example, replicated distributed database performs in spite of failure of other sites.
9. Complied with ACID properties – Distributed transactions demands Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Reliability.
10. Improved performance and Parallelism in executing transactions can be achieved.  

Disadvantages of Distributed Database Systems



1. Complex Software – Complex implementation. Costs more in terms of software cost compared to a centralized system. Additional software might be needed in most of the cases over a centralized system.
2. Increased Processing overhead – It costs many messages to be shared between sites to complete a distributed transaction.
3. Data integrity – Data integrity becomes complex. Too much network resources may be used.
4. Different data formats might be used – This may cost time.
5. Deadlock is difficult to handle compared to a centralized system.
6. May cause much more network traffic in case of write operation in a replicated form of distributed database.
7. Distributed System supported Operating System is required to implement distributed database system.
8. The data shared between sites over networks are vulnerable to attack. Hence, network oriented security protocols to be used based on the sensitivity of data shared.
9. More complex in terms database design – According to various applications, we may need to fragment a database, or replicate a database or both.
10. Handling failures is a difficult task. In some cases, we may not distinguish site failure, network partition, and link failure.





Saturday, August 9, 2014

Advantages and Disadvantages of Three Phase Commit Protocol

Advantages and Disadvantages of 3PC Protocol


Advantages of 3PC Protocol


  • The Blocking problem found in 2PC can be avoided (in certain occasions, especially when at least not more than k sites failed)

Disadvantages of 3PC Protocol


  • Network partitions (network segments) would cause Blocking Problem, especially if more than k sites are part of any partitions.  
  • Long latency due to the number of messages to be transferred between sites on taking decision. That is, it involves 3 phases and all the 3 phases involve communication between sites.
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Three Phase Commit (3PC) Protocol - External Link



Three phase commit protocol
advantages of 3PC protocol in distributed databases
disadvantages of three phase commit (3PC) protocol in distributed database

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